Objective 46 & 47: Relate breathing to cellular respiration & Decide how arterial carbon dioxide concentrations affect ventilation

I was taught about breathing from the age of 7-9 in science class.  I learned what cellular respiration was in BIO 100 from my lovely teacher Mrs. Gess because she brought up the subject on multiple occasion throughout BIO 100 plus there was a whole chapter about it and fermentation.  Cellular respiration would in fact pop up during BIO 210 & 211. Breathing is inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon dioxide through the lungs.  Cellualr respiration is relating to breathing because a cell exchanges two gases with its surroundings during cellular respiration.  The cell takes in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The bloodstream keeps cells supplied with oxygen and carries away carbon dioxide.

Objective 53: Dalton's law, Boyles law

This has got be the most confusing objective to me because really I do not understand it at all.  Honestly I really can not say I have learned anything.  But I will try to break it down on what I have researched I can not say learned but researched.  I understand movement of the respiratory gases is due to diffusion. Diffusion results from a concentration gradient which is expressed for gases as the difference in partial pressures.  I think Boyle's Law relates to inspiration and expiration in that these two processes are stimulated by differences in  atmospheric pressure and internal pressures.  Dalton's law is that the composition of each gas does not effect the pressure.

Objective 43 & 44: Describing anatomy and histology of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs & Locate and identify the functions of each respiratory system structure

NOSE
There seems to be alot going on in the nose.  The anatomy of the nose through my understanding is this, the naval cavity is found in the nose and joins the pharynx.  The nostrils are the external openings of the nasal cavity and the chonchae are the posterior openings from the nasal cavity to the pharynx.  The vestibule is the anterior part of the cavity, and the nasal septum divides the cavity into 2 parts.
The histology of the nose is that certain parts of the nasal cavity is lined with stratified squamous epithelial cells, which I believe the vestibule is lines with it.  The mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity has pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

PHARYNX
Only thing I can say about the anatomy of the pharynx is that I know it is divided into 3 parts:  Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx.  What I know or should I say what I think I know about the naso pharynx is that it is the superior region of the pharynx and is lined with mucous membrane.  I know that food, drink, and air pass throught the oropharynx and that it is lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Only thing I know or really care to know about the laryngopharynx is that it is lined with squamous epithelium.

LARYNX
I do know a great deal about the larynx's anatomy.  I know that it consists of nine cartilages and that six of the cartilages are shared and 3 are not.  The Adam's apple or thyroid cartilage is the largest of the cartliages.  The unshared cartliage is the cricoid which form the base of the larynx and that all the other cartilage lays on it.

TRACHEA
I love the trachea because to me it is the easiest to identify in dissection.  It is a tube that has c-shaped rings of cartilage.  The rings do not wrap fully around.  The posterior wall contains no cartilage.  This is all I can say about the anatomy of the trachea.  Histologically the trachea consists of dense regular connective and smooth muscle tissue.  It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

BRONCHI
I really did not get a feel for the bronchi because to me there was too little information that I gathered about it.  I will say though that wikipedia did help me out.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchi

LUNGS
I learned that the lungs have three lobes on the right and two on the left.  The left lung has the cardiac notch so that it can house the heart.  For the histology of the lung I went to this website http://bio.rutgers.edu/~gb102/lab_10/1001am.html.
Everything here I absorbed from my textbook and websites.

Objective 45: Characterize neuronal network that controls respiration

Figure 21.23 on page 731 of the Anatomy & Physiology textbook helped me to understand that the neuronal network that controls breathing stems from the pons and the medulla of the brain. The book gave a brief description of the three different respiratory centers; The pontine that works to smooth breathing patterns, The ventral that controls the rhythm of respiration, and the dorsal that receives sensory input.

Objective 64: How oxygen and carbon dioxide is transported

These videos helped me to understand both oxygen and carbon dioxide transport through the body.  I remember having a discussion in lab about this topic and at first I thought I knew it all but then there was talk about bicarbonate.  What I learned is that carbon dioxide produced in the tissue cells diffuses into the blood plasma. The largest fraction of carbon dioxide diffuses into the red blood cells. The carbon dioxide in the red blood cells is transported as: dissolved CO2, combined with hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate.  Bicarbonate
diffuses out of the red blood cels into the plasma in venous bood and visa versa in arterial blood. Chloride ion always diffuses in an opposite direction of bicarbonate ion in order to maintain a charge balance. This is referred to as the "chloride shift".
In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into the blood because the venous blood has a lower partial pressure. The oxygen dissolves in the blood.

Objective 56: Differences in Metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

How I learned was thinking of the words hypo and hyper.  I associated hypo with acidosis because first off an acid on the pH scale is low and secondly during respiratory acidosis your breathing slows and gets shallow.  I equated hyper with alkalosis because on the pH scale alkaline is high and during respiratory alkalosis your breathing  speeds up and causes hyperventilation.

This chart in my textbook on page 886 helped me a lot on this objective. It was great because not only does it tells you what each acid-base imbalance is. It also tells you the cause and the ramifactions of each. 

Objective 50: Demonstrate spirometer use and examine spirogram data

The very top video demonstrated nicely the use of the spirometer.  I am not an expert at spirometers but I am guessing the one they are using in the video is of a newer model because while I was researching, there was all kinds of spirometer models that was being used.  None of them being electronic.  The video taught me how to use a spirometer, that is all I can say.  The next video taught me about reading a spirogram data, all the intricacies of lung volume and capacity.

Objective 48 & 49: Delineate the role of muscles and lung elasticity in inhalation and exhalation, Contrast inspiration and exhalation

This picture on page 717 in my textbook taught me the processes that takes place during inspiration and expiration.  It describes the muscles that are involved in inspiration such as the diaphragm and the external intercostals and then describes how expiration is a passive process that occurs through the recoiling of the elastic lungs. The big difference I took from inspiration and exhalation is that inspiration is active and exhalation is usually passive.  There are two kinds of exhalation forced and regular. Like I stated previously the muscles we use during inspiration are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.  During regular exhalation everything relaxes, and no muscles are used, but during forced exhalation I believe the abdominal wall muscles are used.