By looking at these figures from my textbook I could distinguish the volume of the extra- and intercellular very well in the first pic above. As you can see any one should be able to establish in figure 1 that body fluid includes water and dissolved solutes and about two-thirds of the body’s fluid is located within cells as intracellualr fluid. The other one-third, called extracellular fluid, includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma and I believe lymph as well. Fluid balance means that the various body compartments contain the normal amount of water. From the chart on the right you can see the electrolyte content in the blood plasma and the extra- and intercellular fluids.
Regulate blood glucose (sugar) in the normal range
Forces many cells of the body to absorb and use glucose thereby decreasing blood sugar levels
Glucagon
Assist insulin in regulating blood glucose (sugar) in the normal range (actions are opposite of insulin)
Forces many cells of the body to release (or produce) glucose (increasing blood sugar)
Somatostatin
Regulate the production and excretion of other endocrine hormones
Slows down production of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, and other endocrine hormones
Gastrin
Assist in digestion within the stomach
Induce acid producing cells of the stomach to produce acid
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
Help control water secretion and absorption from the intestines
Causes intestinal cells to secrete water and salts into the intestines (inhibit absorption)
The chart above helped me with the pancreas aspect because the only thing I saw to relate the endocrine and digestive system was the pancreas. By doing some research I found out that a whole system of endocrine cells can be found in the GI. Their hormones stimulate, for instance, the production of digestive juices. In the stomach, gastrin is secreted which stimulates the production of hydrochloric acid. Like I stated before the only like structure or organ that I can see is the pancreas. The job it does for the endocrine system is that it releases insulin by the beta cells and glucagon by the alpha cells. The job it does for the digestive system is that it is the source of powerful digestive enzymes required to chemically break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins. It also secretes another substance to help neutralize stomach acid.
ERYTHROCYTES Erythrocytes (RBC) are small biconcave discs with depressed centers. I think of a doughnut everytime I see a RBC. I have learned that a mature RBC does not have a nucleus. Guess that is why it has an identation in the center of it. Young RBC are bumpy and does have a nucleus but as it matures the nucleus gets pushed out. I knew that blood had a function of transporting carbon dioxide and oxygen but did not realize that hemoglobin had such a factor in it for some reason.
Leukocytes My textbook has taught me about leukocytes because there is a chart on pg. 562 (which is below this paragraph) that lists and describes their structure, function,and life cycle.So it was easy to memorize how it look and its function etc. The leukocytes (WBC), are of two types; granulocytes, and agranulocytes.The trick for me memorizingthe leukocytes was that the granulocytes ended with -phil and the agranulocytes ended with -cyte.All are involved in defending the body against foreign organisms. The three types of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, with neutrophils the most abundant. Neutrophils seek out bacteria and eat them up.
Since the teacher was sick or lost her voice, I can not rememeber which one it was. I really needed to use the internet to learn about the urinary system for myself. Mainly because I could not take the online lecture because it was boring. Imagine if I fall asleep in class with the actual teacher there do you really think I will stay awake for an online lecture and think that it is interesting. The answer is NOOOOOOOOO. So I went on youtube and found some videos that was very helpful in my learning process of the kidneys and urinary system as a whole. This video below taught me about this objective. Learning through watching is better than reading a book.
What I learned from the video and from reading my textbook and sifting through websites is that the kidneys are sophisticated reprocessing machines. Every day, a person’s kidneys processes a great deal of blood to sift out about 2 quarts of waste products and extra water. The wastes and extra water become urine, which flows to the bladder through tubes called ureters. The bladder stores the urine until you have to urinate. Wastes in the blood come from the normal wear and tear of tissues, such as muscles, and from food. The body uses food for energy and self-repairs. After the body has taken what it needs from food, wastes are sent to the blood. If the kidneys did not remove them, these wastes would build up in the blood and damage our body.
Me being a woman I can honestly say I did not know all the thingsI am about to say were going on in my body.I learned this information from my textbook and the video below.I learned about the phases of the menstrual cycle. Basically to keep it short in sweet I learned in the follicular phase the follicles of the ovaries develop.That was an easy conclusion to remember.In the ovulatoryphase which was the phase I knew the most about before getting in depth with the book.In this phase a surge of luteinizing hormones (LH) starts and it stimulates the follicle to emerge from the surface of the ovary and it bursts, letting the egg go.The last phase is the lutealphase and it follows ovulation.I learned it lasts about two weeks, unless fertilization happens.So after the egg is let go, the corpus luteumprepares the uterus just in case fertilization occurs.Also the corpus luteumproduces progesterone, sothe endometrium can thicken, and be filled with nutrients just in case of a fetus.In the second part of the luteal phase, the estrogen level increases, also stimulating the endometrium to thicken. In response to the increase in estrogen and progesterone levels, the milk ducts in the breasts increase. As a result, the breasts may swell and become tender.
Alright the cardiovascular system in general was a lot for me to take in because to me there was so many vessels and parts and this and that it was hard for me to concentrate. But here is something I found extremely helpful. It is very self-explanatory.
Honestly, I think my least favorite systems we covered is the lymphatic and the immune system but more so lymphatic. I thought I would have liked to learn about them both but for me it was just too much information. I had an information overload and it was not pleasant because just hearing the word lymph made my head hurt. The picture to the right was sufficient enough for me to clear these objectives. I found this diagram on the Cornell University's website. It is a great visual aid that showcases the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and then goes on to summarize their functions. I thought this diagram worked for objective 34 as well.
Using this diagram helped me to learn the path of blood flow through the kidneys because to me it is straight and to the point.As you can see the arrows point to the path.I do not know what else to say cause the proof is in the pudding.Only thing I had to do was try and memorize mainly the arteries and veins in an acronym.
This video basically broke down objective 76 for me. Me being a women and having conceived twin boys I can honestly say that I had no idea that all of this goes on inside women. I learned throughout my BIO career that a zygote is a fertilized egg. I noticed that the above video does not state what a zygote is. What a zygote is which I have stated before is a fertilized egg. How it becomes that way is between two haploid cells; an ovum from a female and a sperm from a male, which comes together to form a diploid cell. Other than not explaining what a zygote was, the video did a nice job in teaching about the morula and a blastocyst.
I also thought the video delved into objective 77. In describing how a zygote is formed I basically just answered objective 74. How I learned to distinguish between the two is from way back in BIO 100. I remember associating the di in diploid with two, a sperm and ovum joined. So that is how I distinguish between haploid and diploid.
Hoehn, K. &. (2011). Anatomy and Physiology (Fourth Edition ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Marieb, E. N. (2011). Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings
There also were websites that were extremely helpful in my learning experiences. I have links within the blog that will direct you to the source. Also I would like to give a shot out to my lab partners Katrina, Ric, and Desiree for giving some advice on some objectives. In addition as you can see throughout the blog a special thanks to Youtube. The videos on there were very informative and help me learn a lot about various objectives.
I just used this picture as a visual aid to see the comparison of blood flow and lymph flow. I learned from research that lymph basically moves because of a pressure gradient. When the fluid pressure outside of the lymph capillaries is higher on the outside, lymph flows in. Because there is no pump for the lymph fluid, it moves through the body very much the same way that blood returns from the distal limbs to the heart; through skeletal muscle contraction and change in pressure due to respiration. Knowing that the lymph node pictured above is basically a large filter for all of the stuff that your body has to process; its easy to understand that the nodes can sometimes become backed up. Thus the backing up of the lymph fluid can cause edema.
The very top video demonstrated nicely the use of the spirometer. I am not an expert at spirometers but I am guessing the one they are using in the video is of a newer model because while I was researching, there was all kinds of spirometer models that was being used. None of them being electronic. The video taught me how to use a spirometer, that is all I can say. The next video taught me about reading a spirogram data, all the intricacies of lung volume and capacity.
This picture on page 717 in my textbook taught me the processes that takes place during inspiration and expiration. It describes the muscles that are involved in inspiration such as the diaphragm and the external intercostals and then describes how expiration is a passive process that occurs through the recoiling of the elastic lungs. The big difference I took from inspiration and exhalation is that inspiration is active and exhalation is usually passive. There are two kinds of exhalation forced and regular. Like I stated previously the muscles we use during inspiration are the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. During regular exhalation everything relaxes, and no muscles are used, but during forced exhalation I believe the abdominal wall muscles are used.
This objective to me is a little bland because there is not that much I have found about lacteals. In the book there is a little section about it and when I searched on the internet there was little about it also. What I will say is that I know wikipedia is maybe not the most reliable source but it did help me learn about lacteals honestly. I learned from it that they are lymphatic capillaries that absorbs fats in the villi of the small intestines. The picture above just shows where the a lacteal is.
These videos and my textbook was all I needed to locate the structures of the male and female reproductive systems. I mean this video is very cut and dry. I do not know what else to say but to watch the videos because it is self-explanatory.
