Objective 78: Gross and Histological parts of alimentary canal in terms of structure and function

As you can see in the pictures they show what the GI tract consists of.  The histology portion is something I can not get with. I am just not good with the microscopes my attention span is zero when it comes to looking at the microscopes.

Objective 71: How spermatatozoa moves through the female reproductve tract

The textbook was what I used to figure out how spermatozoa moved through the female reproductive tract. I found the picture below on a site that shows the path of the sperm as it traveled through the female reproductive tract. The textbook taught me that spermatozoa consists of a head, mid piece, and tail. The head of the sperm contains compacted DNA and an outer helmet like layer called the acrosome that helps pierce the egg for fertilization. The mid piece contains the mitochondria, which provides the ATP needed for the movements of the tail to jet the sperm along. The tail allows the sperm to move easily and help it to reach the egg.

Objective 72: Evaluate fertilization in terms of evolutionary fitness

I really do not undertand this objective but I will chime in on what I think it is about.  Women usually increase their evolutionary fitness by having children with the creme of the crop males. Men usually increase their fitness by having sex often to increase the chances that their sperm will encounter the goodies. Consequently, females have often evolved traits for choosing the fathers of their children, while males have often evolved traits for gaining access to females and their goodies.  I do not know I am just talking out my anal sphincter.

Objective 35: Describe the formation and flow of lymph

I can not say it enough but I hate the lymphatic system. The textbook was my guide in learning that lymph originates as plasma, which is the fluid portion of blood. The arterial blood that flows out of the heart slows as it moves through a capillary bed (see figure above). This slowing allows some plasma to leave the arterioles and flow into the tissues where it becomes extracellular fluid, This  fluid delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells. As this fluid leaves the cells, it takes with it cellular waste products and protein cells. Approximately 90 percent of this tissue fluid flows into the venules. Here it enters the venous circulation as plasma and continues in the circulatory system. The remaining 10 percent of the fluid that is left behind is now known as lymph.  The bloodstream is pumped by the heart. It circulates throughout the body and is cleansed by being filtered by the kidneys. The lymphatic system does not have a pump to aid in its flow, instead this system is designed so that lymph only flows upward through the body traveling from the hands and feet and upward through the body toward the neck.  As it travels through the body, lymph passes through lymph nodes where it is filtered. At the base of the neck, the lymph enters the subclavian veins and once again becomes plasma in the bloodstream.

Objective 40: Cellular and non-cellular immunity

Non-cellular Immunity
Humoral Immunity aka non-cellular immunity is the world of antibodies and non-cellular means of killing foreign agents within the body. An antibody is generally specific to the thing being attacked. It's called having antigen-specificity. For example, you never or I have never heard of anyone getting chicken pox twice. Because, either through vaccination or actually having the disease, you made antibodies to the specific virus causing chicken pox. The chicken pox virus was the "antigen" which signaled the making of the antibody which was made against only that virus. Finally, long lasting cells inside your body kept that specific memory alive so that antibodies to chicken pox could always be created immediately just in case your exposed later in life. It's a pretty good system; we have antibodies against practically anything we have ever been exposed to and fought off in our entire life.  

Cell mediated
Cell mediated immunity begins where everything in the immune system begins-in the bone marrow. The bone marrow makes nearly all of the components of the blood. Bone marrow-based stem cells form two kinds of lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes. I just read my textbook one night and try to absorb everything I could.  I remember this was a hard concept in lecture to follow it seemed as though no one knew anything about these two immunities.

Objective 68 & 70: How chemical buffers interact to protect against lethal changes in pH & Recognize how the lungs and kidneys interact to protect the body against lethal changes in pH

Understanding the job and function of the kidneys and lungs helped me to achieve this objective.  Knowing already that the lungs help to maintain the body's pH by exhaling carbon dioxide during respiration and the kidneys excrete wastes.  This video helped put it in prospective for the kidneys.

Objective 46 & 47: Relate breathing to cellular respiration & Decide how arterial carbon dioxide concentrations affect ventilation

I was taught about breathing from the age of 7-9 in science class.  I learned what cellular respiration was in BIO 100 from my lovely teacher Mrs. Gess because she brought up the subject on multiple occasion throughout BIO 100 plus there was a whole chapter about it and fermentation.  Cellular respiration would in fact pop up during BIO 210 & 211. Breathing is inhaling of oxygen and exhaling of carbon dioxide through the lungs.  Cellualr respiration is relating to breathing because a cell exchanges two gases with its surroundings during cellular respiration.  The cell takes in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The bloodstream keeps cells supplied with oxygen and carries away carbon dioxide.